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Did you know that there were 6.7 million car accidents in the U.S. alone in 2019?
This resulted in 36,096 deaths throughout the year—a terrible statistic to say the least—but the situation would be worse without seat belts, airbags and other modern safety devices.
In this infographic, we visualize data from the U.S. Department of Transportation to show how breakthroughs in car safety can drastically reduce the number of motor vehicle deaths.
The data shows the number of deaths per 100 million miles driven. From the high of 5.1 in 1960 (the first year's data is available), we can see that this indicator has dropped by 78% to only 1.1.
Even more impressive is that there are more cars on the road today than in 1960. This can be measured by the total number of miles traveled each year.
Therefore, although the total mileage increased by 371%, the death rate has dropped by 78%. Below, we will take a closer look at some important automotive safety innovations.
The introduction of seat belts is an important stepping stone to improve car safety, especially when the vehicle can increase speed.
The first-generation seat belts were designed with 2 points because they only wrapped around the waist of a person (hence 2 fixing points). This design is flawed because it cannot hold our upper body in place during a collision.
Today's seat belts use a 3-point design, which was developed in 1959 by Volvo engineer Nils Bohlin. This design adds a shoulder strap that can hold our torso in place during a collision. Volvo spent many years not only developing the device, but also persuading the public to use it. For example, the United States did not mandate the use of 3-point seat belts until 1973.
The concept of airbags is relatively simple-instead of hitting our face on the steering wheel, we use inflatable pillows to cushion the impact.
However, in practice, airbags need to be very precise, because in a frontal collision, it only takes 50 milliseconds for our head to collide with the wheel. In order to inflate in such a short time, the airbag relies on a chemical reaction using sodium azide.
As discovered during the Takata airbag recall, the design of the internal mechanism of the airbag can also cause problems. When these airbags are inflated, they also have the opportunity to fly metal debris through the cabin at high speed.
In 1998, the U.S. government mandated dual front airbags (one on each side). Today, many cars offer side curtain airbags as optional equipment, but these are not required by law.
The reversing camera became a legal requirement in May 2018, making it one of the newest standard safety equipment in the United States. These cameras are designed to reduce the number of reversing collisions involving objects, pedestrians or other cars.
Measuring the safety benefits of backup cameras can be tricky, but a 2014 study did conclude that cameras can be used to prevent collisions. A common criticism of backup cameras is that they restrict our field of view, rather than simply turning our heads back.
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the use of seat belts and airbags at the same time can reduce the risk of death from a frontal collision by 61%. This is a big reduction, but there is still enough room for further improvement.
Therefore, automakers have been equipping their cars with many technically supported safety measures. This includes pre-collision assistance systems that use sensors and cameras to help prevent accidents. These systems can prevent you from drifting to another lane (by actually adjusting the steering wheel), or apply brakes to mitigate an impending frontal collision.
Whether these systems have any meaningful benefits remains to be seen. Reference to the above table shows that since 2010, the number of deaths per 100 million miles has not fallen further.
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The crust occupies 1% of the volume of the earth, but it provides all the materials we use. What element constitutes this thin layer on which we stand?
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The elements in the earth's crust provide all the basic building blocks for mankind.
But even though the crust is the source of everything we discover, mine, refine, and build, it is actually just the surface of our planet.
After all, the innermost layer of the earth, the core, occupies 15% of the earth's volume, while the mantle occupies 84%. The remaining 1% is the earth's crust, which is a thin layer with a depth of about 5-70 kilometers (~3-44 miles).
This infographic is based on WorldAtlas data and looks at the elements that make up this 1%.
The crust is a rigid surface that contains oceans and land. The content of most elements in the earth's crust is only a small amount, but some are abundant.
The crust is composed of approximately 95% igneous and metamorphic rocks, 4% shale, 0.75% sandstone, and 0.25% limestone.
Oxygen, silicon, aluminum and iron account for 88.1% of the earth's crust mass, while the other 90 elements account for the remaining 11.9%.
Although gold, silver, copper and other base metals and precious metals are among the most sought-after elements, they together account for less than 0.03% of the mass of the earth's crust.
Oxygen is by far the most abundant element in the earth's crust, accounting for 46% of the mass-only half of the total mass.
Oxygen is a highly reactive element that can combine with other elements to form oxides. Some examples of common oxides are minerals such as granite and quartz (oxides of silicon), rust (oxides of iron), and limestone (oxides of calcium and carbon).
More than 90% of the earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the earth's crust.
Silicon combines with oxygen to form the most common mineral on earth. For example, in most places, sand is mainly composed of silica (silica), usually in the form of quartz. Silicon is an essential semiconductor used in the manufacture of electronic products and computer chips.
Aluminum is the third most common element in the earth's crust.
Because aluminum has a strong affinity for oxygen, aluminum in its elemental state is rarely found. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and potassium aluminum sulfate (KAl(SO4)2) are common aluminum compounds.
Aluminum and aluminum alloys have many uses, from kitchen foil to rocket manufacturing.
The fourth most common element in the earth's crust is iron, which accounts for more than 5% of the mass of the earth's crust.
Iron is mainly obtained from hematite and magnetite. Of all the metals we mine, more than 90% is iron, which is mainly used to make steel, an alloy of carbon and iron. Iron is also an essential nutrient for the human body.
By weight, calcium accounts for about 4.2% of the earth's crust.
In the pure element state, calcium is a soft silver-white alkaline earth metal. It never exists in an isolated state in nature, but exists in the form of a compound. Calcium compounds are found in many minerals, including limestone (calcium carbonate), gypsum (calcium sulfate), and fluorite (calcium fluoride).
Calcium compounds are widely used as supplements in the food and pharmaceutical industries. They are also used as bleaching agents in the paper industry, as a component of cement and electrical insulators, and in the manufacture of soaps.
Despite Jules Verne’s novels, no one has been to the center of the earth.
In fact, the deepest hole ever dug by humans is about 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) below the surface, about one-third of the mantle leading to it. This incredible depth will take about 20 years to reach.
Although human beings are constantly making new discoveries and chasing stars, there are still many places worth exploring on the earth on which we stand.
More than two-thirds of the earth's surface is covered by water and hidden from sight. This animation drains the world's oceans to reveal the bottom of the ocean.
Although many maps of our planet depict the terrain details on land, nearly two-thirds of the earth's surface is covered by the world's oceans.
Hidden out of sight are aquatic mountains, continental shelves and trenches deep into the earth's crust. We may be familiar with some famous formations on the sea floor, but there is a complete and detailed "world", as rich as the surface, waiting for us to explore.
This animation comes from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and NASA planetary researcher James O'Donoghue. It simulates the drainage of the world's oceans to quickly reveal the full extent of the earth's surface.
Above sea level, the earth's terrain can reach up to 8,849 meters (29,032 feet), reaching the top of Mount Everest. But below sea level, it is actually deeper than the height of Mount Everest.
The high seas are called the pelagic zone and can be divided into five regions according to their depth:
Putting the depth of the ocean into context, the bottom of the ocean is more than 2,000 meters larger than the summit of Mount Everest.
For a long time, people thought that the understanding of the ocean floor was not as good as that of the moon.
Without newer technology, the absolute depth of water makes it difficult to draw maps, and huge pressure and extreme temperatures make navigation difficult. In 1960, a manned vehicle reached the deepest known point in the Mariana Trench, the Challenger's Depth, nearly 90 years have passed since it was first charted in 1872.
But in the past few decades, human understanding and exploration of the seabed have advanced by leaps and bounds. O'Donoghue’s animation shows how much detail we missed.
The first feature that attracts attention is the continental shelf of the earth, which appears very quickly. Although the Arctic and Antarctic continental shelves are much deeper, most of them can be seen at 140 meters.
Then the animation accelerates as the depth of several kilometers reveals the tops of small mountain ridges and aquatic islands. From 2,000 meters to 3,000 meters, mid-ocean ridges spanning the Arctic, Pacific and Indian Oceans appear.
The ocean from 3,000 to 6,000 meters was drained, and these mountains slowly gave way to most of the seafloor. The last 5,000 meters changed little, just to illustrate the depth of the trench.
Of course, technically speaking, the bottom of the Challenger Depth is the deepest known point in the Mariana Trench. With the further improvement of satellite and imaging technology, surveying and navigation on the water becomes more and more possible. Who knows what we will find under the waves.
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